Development of orally administered insulin-loaded polymeric-oligonucleotide nanoparticles: statistical optimization and physicochemical characterization

Introduction Therapeutic peptides are administered via parenteral route due to poor absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, instability in gastric acid, and GI enzymes. Polymeric drug delivery systems have achieved significant interest in pharmaceutical research due to its feasibility in protecting proteins, tissue targeting, and controlled drug release pattern.Materials and methods In this study, the size, polydispersity index, and zeta...