The Middle Permian Hongshanliang Manto-type copper deposit in the East Tianshan: Constraints from geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions and H–O–S isotopes

The Hongshanliang copper deposit, hosted in the tuff of the Lower Carboniferous Yamansu Formation, is a typical copper deposit in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt, East Tianshan. Based on crosscutting relationships of veins, textural relationships and mineral assemblages, five alteration/mineralization stages at Hongshanliang have been established: chlorite–sulfide stage (Stage I), quartz–pyrite stage (Stage II), quartz–polymetallic sulfide stage (Stage...