How do deep-water volcanoes grow?

Deep-water volcanoes are emplaced in water depths >1.0 km and are widespread along continental margins and in ocean basins. Whilst the external morphology of deep-water volcanoes can be mapped using bathymetric surveys, their internal structure and true volume remain enigmatic. It is thus difficult to determine how deep-water volcanoes grow. We investigate 13 Late Miocene-to-Quaternary, deep-water volcanoes that are imaged in 3D by seismic...