The development of a policy framework to mitigate underwater noise pollution from commercial vessels

Oceans are under severe pressure due to immense anthropogenic activities and related pollution and impacts. Although shipping is the most fuel efficient mode of transportation and, accounting for 80% of transportation of cargo by volume while playing an important role in global trade, it has negative environmental and socio-economic externalities and threatens sustainable development. It is predicted that World seaborne trade will grow by a...