How to Establish Benchmarks for Surgical Outcomes?: A Checklist Based on an International Expert Delphi Consensus

Objective null To define a standardized methodology for establishing benchmarks for relevant outcomes in surgery. null Summary background data null Benchmarking is an established tool to improve quality in industry and economics, and is emerging in assessing outcome values in surgery. Despite a recent 10-step approach to identify such benchmark values, a standardized and more widely agreed-on approach is still lacking. null Methods null A...