Tramadol: a Potential Neurotoxic Agent Affecting Prefrontal Cortices in Adult Male Rats and PC-12 Cell Line

Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine that is often prescribed for the treatment of mild to moderate pains. It has a number of side effects including emotional instability and anxiety. In this study, we focus on the structural and functional changes of prefrontal cortex under chronic exposure to tramadol. At the cellular level, the amounts of ROS and annexin V in PC12 cells were evidently increased upon exposure to tramadol (at a...