Hazards from lava–river interactions during the 1783–1784 Laki fissure eruption

Interactions between lava flows and surface water are not always considered in hazard assessments, despite abundant historical and geological evidence that they can create significant secondary hazards (e.g., floods and steam explosions). We combine contemporary accounts of the 1783–1784 Laki fissure eruption in southern Iceland with morphological analysis of the geological deposits to reconstruct the lava–water interactions and assess their...