M1 But Not M0 Extracellular Vesicles Induce Polarization of RAW264.7 Macrophages Via the TLR4-NFκB Pathway In Vitro

In response to different stimuli ( e.g. , infections), naive macrophages polarize into M1 macrophages, which have the potential to secrete numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication. Via horizontal transfer, EVs transport various molecules ( e.g. , proteins, DNA, and RNA) to target cells. This in vitro study elucidated that M1-EVs from macrophages induced by...