Raman lidar measurements for boundary layer gradients and atmospheric refraction of millimeter-wave signals

The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterized by a higher water vapor content and higher temperature than the free troposphere above it. Its height increases as the size of convection cells grow during the morning due to surface heating, stabilizes during the day, and it collapses as the energy input decreases in the evening. The marine boundary layer emphasizes these aspects. The large temperature gradients, humidity gradients and...