Challenges for the Implantation of Symbiotic Nanostructured Medical Devices

We discuss the perspectives of designing implantable medical devices that have the criterion of being symbiotic. Our starting point was whether the implanted device is intended to have any two-way (“duplex”) communication of energy or materials with the body. Such duplex communication extends the existing concepts of a biomaterial and biocompatibility to include the notion that it is important to consider the intended functional use of the...