To CALL or not to CALL: empirical evidence from neuroscience

The English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ levels of attention and meditation as well as brainwaves while interacting with an interlocutor in three different second-language (L2) socialization contexts—with another human in person, with another person through a virtual platform, and with an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot—were explored in this study. Thirty participants participated in an experiment, throughout which they were asked...