The Effects of Neoadjuvant Treatment on the Tumor Microenvironment in Rectal Cancer: Implications for Immune Activation and Therapy Response

Background Because more than one neoadjuvant treatment is available for advanced rectal cancer, the aim of this study was to compare the differential clinical and pathologic effects of different combinations of chemoradiation regimens, treatment sequencing, and timing to surgery on patient outcomes. Patients and Methods Between January 2015 and October 2018, 126 newly diagnosed patients with rectal cancer with magnetic resonance imaging-based...