Ecological risks of imidacloprid to aquatic species in the Netherlands: Measured and estimated concentrations compared to species sensitivity distributions

Recent declines of insects’ biomass have been a major point of interest. While several causes, including use of neonicotinoids like imidacloprid, have been suggested, scientific underpinning is limited. The aim of our study was to assess the potential risk of imidacloprid for freshwater fauna in the Netherlands and to validate the SimpleBox model to allow application elsewhere. To this end, we compared imidacloprid concentrations estimated from...