A new gas–liquid dynamics model towards robust state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries

The accurate prediction of state of charge (SOC) is indispensable in the battery management system (BMS). Herein, a new gas–liquid dynamics (GLD) battery model based on the gas–liquid system is proposed to estimate SOC precisely and reliably for the lithium-ion battery (LIB). Electron transmission process, terminal voltage lag, lithium-ion diffusion and balance, as well as the ohmic resistance effect of LIBs can be clearly embodied in this...