Alternative techniques for caffeine removal from wastewater: An overview of opportunities and challenges

Water contaminants have attracted considerable research attention owing to the safety risks they pose when present in drinking water consumed by humans and animals, where their high toxicity and bioaccumulation characteristics in biological tissues can cause severe health problems. Caffeine is an emerging contaminant due to its high consumption by the general population, and it can be used to track pollution caused by humans. Approximately 5% of...