The Effects of the Commercially Formulated Neonicotinoids Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam on the Survival of Infectious Stages of Two Trematode Parasites

Neonicotinoids are a popular class of systemic insecticides registered for use in over 120 countries. Recent global water surveys have found neonicotinoid insecticides in waterbodies adjacent to agricultural fields. The presence of neonicotinoids in surface waters raises the concern of the potential risk of exposure to non-target aquatic species, with relevance for both free-living and parasitic taxa. The susceptibility of aquatic free-living...