Adolescent nicotine induces depressive and anxiogenic effects through ERK 1‐2 and Akt‐GSK‐3 pathways and neuronal dysregulation in the nucleus accumbens

Long-term tobacco dependence typically develops during adolescence and neurodevelopmental nicotine exposure is associated with affective disturbances that manifest as a variety of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in clinical and preclinical studies, including mood and anxiety-related disorders. The nucleus accumbens shell (NASh) is critically involved in regulating emotional processing, and both molecular and neuronal disturbances in this...