Sex Differences in Cardiac Flow Dynamics of Healthy Volunteers

The purpose of this study was to further understand the relationship between cardiac function and flow, on the basis of sex, by quantifying cardiac flow characteristics and relating them to cardiac muscle performance in young adults.In this cross-sectional study, cardiac four-dimensional flow (4D flow) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and two-dimensional cine MRI were performed on 20 male and 19 female volunteers aged 20-35. Velocity-based...