Symbolic communication in football

The creation of team spirit and team cooperation is one of the most important and difficult challenges of contemporary sports (Cashmore, 2003, 59; Pescosolido and Saavedra, 2012). Its importance lies in the potential it has to add to the pool of individual talent and skills of a team. Its challenges are due to its mystique as an emergent (and invisible-to-the-naked-eye) phenomenon. Effective team spirit can be influential in producing teams...