Modification of the effects of prenatal manganese exposure on child neurodevelopment by maternal anemia and iron deficiency

We evaluated: (1) associations of prenatal manganese (Mn) levels with child neurodevelopment at 4–6 years; (2) effect modification by maternal anemia and iron deficiency; and (3) sex-specific effects. We measured blood Mn, hemoglobin, and serum ferritin in mothers at the second trimester, third trimester, and at birth, and in cord blood from a prospective birth cohort in Mexico City (n = 571). McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities were...