Are the relations of rapid automatized naming with reading and mathematics accuracy and fluency bidirectional? Evidence from a 5-year longitudinal study with Chinese children.

Despite the widespread use of rapid automatized naming (RAN) tasks in reading and mathematics research, little is known about the direction of their relation. Thus, in this longitudinal study, we examined the direction of the relation between RAN and reading/mathematics accuracy and fluency. One-hundred and eighty-three Grade 1 Chinese children from Shanghai (84 girls and 99 boys; Mage = 85.98 months, SD = 3.76) were followed until Grade 5 and...