Skin Temperature Asymmetry and Stimulated Skin Wrinkling: Reliability and Validity for Evaluating Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Injuries

Nerve injuries in adults are evaluated via sensation, manual muscle testing and nerve conduction studies. These evaluations are difficult, if not impossible, to perform in a wiggling infant or a young child who has not yet developed sufficient skill to follow instructions and provide verbal responses describing perception. This is further complicated in obstetrical brachial plexus injuries (OBPI), where there are no external cues (e.g. a...