Effect of CSE on M1/M2 polarization in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages at different concentrations and exposure in vitro

Cigarette smoke exposure is one of the main etiologies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, cigarette smoke participates in disease progression by inducing abnormal macrophage polarization; however, the effects of cigarette smoke on M1/M2 macrophage polarization have not been established. The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on M1/M2 macrophage polarization in alveolar and...