Making Meaning out of MANOVA: The Need for Multivariate Post Hoc Testing in Gifted Education Research

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a statistical method used to examine group differences on multiple outcomes. This article reports results of a review of MANOVA in gifted education journals between 2011 and 2017 ( N = 56). Findings suggest a number of conceptual and procedural misunderstandings about the nature of MANOVA and its application, including pervasive use of univariate post hoc tests to interpret MANOVA results....