Overcoming malignant cell-based mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade antibodies

Traditional cancer treatment approaches have focused on surgery, radiation therapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, with rare exceptions, metastatic cancers were considered to be incurable by traditional therapy. Over the past 20 years a fourth modality – immunotherapy – has emerged as a potentially curative approach for patients with advanced metastatic cancer. However, in many patients cancer “finds a way” to evade the anti-tumor effects...