Combination of pembrolizumab and BCG treatment after endoscopic ablation of high-risk superficial upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in patients not candidates for radical nephroureterectomy: protocol for phase-II study

Introduction The treatment standard for high-risk upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) is radical nephroureterectomy. However, some patients may be unfit or unwilling, and in such patients the available alternatives are suboptimal. Therapies targeting the programmed death (PD) pathway have shown promise in urothelial carcinom (UC). We designed the current study to determine the safety and efficacy of administering MK-3475 (a...