Practical Resistance of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Cry1F Bacillus thuringiensis maize discovered in Nova Scotia, Canada

Transgenic maize, Zea mays L., modified to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, was introduced in 1996 to control Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a key maize pest in North America. The high-dose/refuge concept, developed to delay or prevent resistance evolution to this technology, has been exemplified by O . nubilalis as no cases of practical resistance were identified in >20...