Long-term variation in white-tailed deer abundance shapes landscape-scale population dynamics of forest-breeding birds

Over-browsing by white-tailed deer impedes forest regeneration, alters floristic and structural attributes of stands, and reduces biodiversity. Although numerous exclosure experiments have demonstrated negative impacts of deer on songbirds at small spatial scales, the effects of deer on avian communities at large spatial and temporal scales remains poorly understood. We integrated data from the Breeding Bird Survey with historic information on...