Effects of Pioglitazone on Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide–Mediated Insulin Secretion and Adipocyte Receptor Expression in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Incretin hormone dysregulation contributes to reduced insulin secretion and hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Resistance to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) action may occur through desensitization or downregulation of β-cell GIP receptors (GIP-R). Studies in rodents and cell lines show GIP-R expression can be regulated through peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) response elements...