What makes employees more proactive? Roles of job embeddedness, the perceived strength of the HRM system and empowering leadership

Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, the current study examined the effects of employees’ job embeddedness and the perceived strength of the human resource management ( HRM ) system on their proactive work behaviors, as well as the moderation effect of empowering leadership on these relationships. We tested our hypotheses using data collected from 206 Chinese employees in a three‐wave survey. The results demonstrated the positive effects...