Optimal Estimation of EMG Standard Deviation (EMG$\sigma$ ) in Additive Measurement Noise: Model-Based Derivations and Their Implications

Typical electromyogram (EMG) processors estimate EMG signal standard deviation (EMGσ) via moving average root mean square (RMS) or mean absolute value (MAV) filters, whose outputs are used in force estimation, prosthesis/orthosis control, etc. In the inevitable presence of additive measurement noise, some processors subtract the noise standard deviation from EMG RMS (or MAV). Others compute a root difference of squares (RDS)-subtract the noise...