Effects of Cold- and Hot-Pressed Neem Oil on Eggs of the Pod-Sucking Bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Its Parasitoid Gryon fulviventre Crawford (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) under Laboratory Conditions

The control of major insect crop pests of cowpea in Africa often involves synthetic pesticides to protect these crucial agricultural products. However, consequent harms to the environment, humans, animals and beneficial insects by these synthetic pesticides have driven a search for more sustainable integrated insect pest management (IPM) approaches, including the use of biological controls and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil as...