Distinguishing integration and prediction accounts of ERP N400 modulations in language processing through experimental design

Many theoretical accounts of prediction in language processing are based to a substantial amount on experimental evidence from electrophysiological studies measuring N400 target word modulations. A drawback of most of these studies is that lexical prediction ('top-down' activation) accounts cannot be distinguished conclusively from lexical integration (‘bottom-up’ activation) accounts. Here we explored whether it is possible to distinguish...