Synchronization conditions and Real-time constraints in co-simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop techniques for Cyber–Physical Energy System assessment

Co-simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop, as well as the integration of Hardware-in-the-Loop to a co-simulation framework are innovative approaches that can get a step closer to a complete and realistic assessment and validation of cyber–Physical energy system (i.e. smart grid). While the coupling techniques and the master algorithms ensure good functionality of the experiment, the whole framework has to follow a rigorous time semantic so that the...