Ultrasound pretreatment enhances the inhibitory effects of nisin/carvacrol against germination, outgrowth and vegetative growth of spores of Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 in laboratory medium and milk: Population and single-cell analysis

This study evaluated the synergetic inhibitory effects of ultrasound and nisin/carvacrol on spore germination, outgrowth, and subsequent growth of vegetative cell of Bacillus subtilis in laboratory medium and milk. Ultrasound pretreatment (3.33 W/mL, 15 min) and nisin/carvacrol (0.01%, 0.02%) synergistically inhibited spore germination, outgrowth, and vegetative growth of spores in laboratory medium. Whereas no such inhibitory effect was...