Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Medical Use of Opioids and Cannabinoids: A Systematic Review

The long-term use of opioid and cannabinoid medications to control chronic pain and treat opioid use disorders now involves a large proportion of the population in the United States. Yet, the cardiovascular risks of opioids are not well understood. This systematic review summarizes the current literature to assess the potential cardiovascular disease risks associated with opioid and cannabinoid medications. The role of long-term methadone use in...