What we know about expectancy-value theory, and how it helps to design a sustained motivating learning environment

The expectancy-value theory (EVT) is widely used to explain and predict students' learning performance, persistence and aspirations. However, very few studies have examined how expectancy and subjective task values, the two constructs derived from the theory, are related to second language (L2) learning, and how the theory can be applied to daily teaching for the improvement of students’ learning. Considering the rapid increase in the number of...