Self-determination for all language learners: New applications for formal language education

Self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985) is an established macro-theory of human motivation, and differentiates two broad motivational orientations: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. SDT is comprised of 6 mini-theories, each designed to address questions about human motivation and the process that facilitate and harm it. For foreign language researchers, these theories offer a clear, integrated framework for understanding motivation...