A Brief Overview on the Application, Potential Exposure Routes, and the Effects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Honey Bee Pest Varroa Mite

The aim of this study was to assess the potential harmful effects of neonicotinoids inside honey bee colonies and especially on the honey bee pest, Varroa destructor. This paper shortly summarized previous studies which investigated the toxicity of neonicotinoids to honey bees. The possible exposure routes of these insecticides to Varroa mites inside and outside bee colonies were studied. And finally, the link between the adverse effects of...