Adapting the planning and management of Norway spruce forests in mountain areas of Romania to environmental conditions including climate change

In Romania, natural Norway spruce forests are spread across upper mountain slopes (1300–1800 m). They perform multiple functions, being especially recognised for their economic value. However, where planted forests extend beyond the spruce's naturally occurring areas, they are frequently exposed to deleterious environmental factors. In Romania, forest planning is based on typological studies that were carried out between 1950 and 1970, and the...