Asymmetry in the dominant co-variation mode of boreal summer monsoon rainfall regulated by the ENSO evolution

Interannual variability of boreal summer monsoon (BSM) rainfall exhibits a prominent co-variation mode, which affects the regions with the highest population density in the world. The mode intensity depends on the rainfall variation over the western North Pacific (WNP) and the North America (NAM) monsoon regions. This study suggests that relative importance of the WNP and NAM rainfall anomalies is asymmetric between the strong positive (SP) and...