A novel approach based on hybrid vortex search algorithm and differential evolution for identifying the optimal parameters of PEM fuel cell

Fuel cells (FCs) penetrated strongly in many applications, modeling of FCs became a major challenge in recent years due to their characteristics, there are some missing data in the datasheet. This paper presents a novel hybrid optimization approach comprising vortex search algorithm (VSA) and differential evolution (DE) for estimating the optimal unspecified parameters of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The parameters to be...