Critical review of validation models and practices in language testing: their limitations and future directions for validation research

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the traditional and contemporary validation frameworks—the content, criterion, and construct validations; the evidence-gathering; the socio-cognitive model; the test usefulness; and an argument-based approach—as well as empirical studies using an argument-based approach to validation in high-stakes contexts to discuss the applicability of an argument-based approach to validation. Chapelle and...