Predictive Prognostic Value of Ventilatory Inefficiency across the Spectrum of Heart Failure

BackgroundMinute ventilation-carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope), as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), strongly predicts outcomes in heart failure (HF). High VE/VCO2 slope can indicate ventilatory inefficiency. A single VE/VCO2 slope threshold defining abnormal of ≥ 34 to 36 is used clinically across HF categories; however, this threshold has been validated largely in patients with reduced left ventricular...