Uptake and impact of silver nanoparticles on the growth of an estuarine dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum minimum

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used and have been shown to have relatively high inherent toxicity to a range of living organisms including fish, annelids, daphnia and algae. AgNPs capped with either citrate (cit-AgNPs) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; PVP-AgNPs) were exposed to the estuarine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum at a range of concentrations (1–1000 μg L−1). Transformations of the AgNPs (e.g. dissolution), along with their...