Over-reliance on P Values in Urology: Fragility of Findings in the Hydronephrosis Literature Calls for Systematic Reporting of Robustness Indicators

To review the robustness of hydronephrosis literature with the application of fragility index (FI) and fragility quotient (FQ) calculations.A literature review was conducted using Pubmed, Medline, and Ovid for "hydronephrosis" and associated terms and we included all studies with at least 2 groups being compared. FI was calculated by populating study results into a 2-by-2 contingency table and generating a P value using Fisher's exact test....