Bioactivity of gallic acid–conjugated silica nanoparticles against Paenibacillus larvae and their host, Apis mellifera honeybee

The aim of this work was to evaluate antimicrobial activity against Paenibacillus larvae and oral toxicity against workers and larvae of Apis mellifera of gallic acid (GA) and two nanohybrids of GA and silica. Also, the physicochemical, structural, and energetic properties of GA and the nanohybrids were determined through structure–activity relationship (SAR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against P. larvae was determined. GA showed...