Commuting Contrasts in Post-Industrial England: Mobility in the World's First Urban Industrial City Regions

This paper compares commuting behaviour in different regions of England, with the primary focus on a set of five northern city regions centred on Manchester whose built environment was forged by very early industrialization. Commuting flows are shaped by local geography, which in the study area features many similarly sized, closely spaced towns with strongly localized identity, plus a central upland area of the Pennines. Recent policies to...