The Effects of Maternal and Paternal Helicopter Parenting on the Self-determination and Well-being of Emerging Adults

We examined gender differences in helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ well-being through the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Based on gender congruence theory, we hypothesized that daughters’ well-being would be more adversely impacted by their mothers’ helicopter parenting compared to fathers’, while the opposite pattern would emerge for sons. Participants were 446 college students between 18–25 years...