Cumulative Effects of Avian Predation on Upper Columbia River Steelhead

To investigate the cumulative effects of colonial waterbird predation on fish mortality and to determine what proportion of all sources of fish mortality (1 − survival) was due to bird predation, we conducted a mark–recapture–recovery study with upper Columbia River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss that were PIT ‐tagged and released ( N = 78,409) at Rock Island Dam on the Columbia River, USA . We used a state–space Bayesian model that incorporated...